Which type of glands are involved in honey ripening?

The correct choice highlights the role of invertase glands in the process of honey ripening. Invertase, an enzyme secreted by the bees, plays a critical part in converting sucrose (table sugar) into glucose and fructose, which are the simpler sugars that make up honey. This conversion is essential for the ripening process, as it helps in reducing the water content in the nectar, thereby preventing fermentation and contributing to the preservation of honey.

During the transformation of nectar into honey, bees collect nectar, which mainly comprises sucrose. As they process the nectar through regurgitation and evaporation, the action of the invertase enzyme becomes fundamental to modifying its composition. This enzymatic activity occurs as the nectar moves through the bees' digestive system, ultimately leading to the thick, viscous substance we recognize as honey.

The other glands mentioned—mandibular, wax, and maxillary glands—have different functions. For instance, mandibular glands are involved in producing pheromones and brood food, while wax glands are responsible for producing beeswax used in building honeycomb. Maxillary glands, on the other hand, provide saliva that aids in the processing of nectar but do not specifically contribute to the enzymatic breakdown of sugars during honey rip