Which two glands are responsible for producing the fluids that nourish worker bee larvae?

The hypopharyngeal and mandibular glands play crucial roles in producing the nutrients required for the development of worker bee larvae. The hypopharyngeal glands are located in the head of the worker bees and are responsible for secreting a royal jelly-like substance rich in proteins, sugars, and vitamins. This royal jelly is essential for feeding bee larvae and is especially critical during their early stages of development.

The mandibular glands, also situated in the head, produce a secretion that contributes to the overall nutrition of the larvae. This secretion is high in lipids and serves to supplement the diet provided by the hypopharyngeal glands. Together, these two glands ensure that the larvae receive the necessary nourishment to grow into healthy adult bees.

In contrast, the other options refer to glands and structures that do not primarily function in larval nourishment. The proventriculus is part of the digestive system and aids in the food's passage; Koschevnikov glands are associated with exocrine functions unrelated to larval care. Dufor’s gland has a role in pheromone production, while the ocelli (simple eyes) and tergites (body segments) are not involved in the production of larval nourishment. Thus, the hyp