Which set of glands is responsible for releasing alarm pheromones?

The mandibular, sting, and Koschevnikov glands are crucial for releasing alarm pheromones in honeybees. The mandibular glands produce various pheromones, including alarm signals that alert other bees to potential threats. When a bee perceives danger, it can release pheromones that communicate distress to the colony, signaling them to become defensive. The sting glands, which also play a role in this process, enhance the alarm response by releasing pheromones when the bee stings. Koschevnikov glands contribute to the alarm pheromone profile as well. This cohesive function of multiple glands ensures that the alarm signals are potent and effective, helping to mobilize the hive's defensive behavior.

Other options do not pertain to the release of alarm pheromones. The maxillary and labial glands primarily produce food-related pheromones and do not serve the alarm function. The hypopharyngeal glands are associated with feeding and nourishing brood and do not release alarm pheromones. Lastly, the allantoic and thoracic glands have roles primarily associated with development or structural support rather than pheromone communication.